Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences
DOI: 10.58739/jcbs/v16i2.25.editorial
Year: 2026, Volume: 16, Issue: 2, Pages: 1-4
Editorial
Rajashekar T S 1, Suresh2, Hanumanthayya K 1*
1Professor, Dermatology Department, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Tamaka, Kolar– 563103, Karnataka, India.
2Professor & HOD, Dermatology Department, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Tamaka, Kolar – 563103, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding Author
Email: [email protected]
Received Date:03 June 2026, Accepted Date:05 June 2026, Published Date:15 June 2026
Human ancestors harbored many of the bacteria (fungi, viruses, & parasites) on their body and also within the body. These bacteria were friendly and thankful to the host. These bacteria got good shelter and nutrition from the host. Bacteria were helping our ancestors, to understand normal and friendly bacteria. Training our immune system to recognize harmful bacteria and destroy them. These bacteria were fighting with harmful bacteria for the space and nutrition. These bacteria are called commensals. If the body’s immune system comes down, these commensals may utilize the opportunity and may become pathogenic (opportunistic). To name few commensal organisms on human body are 1) Staphylococcus epidermidis in skin, 2) Cutibacterium acnes in hair follicles, 3) Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius in oral cavity, 4) Escherichia coli in GI tract, 5) Lactobacillus crispatum and Lactobacillus iners in vagina along with commensal Neisseria species (N lactamica, and N mucosa)[1]. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) species modified itself so well; initially it was a humble pathogen, susceptible to sulfonamides. Over the years, slowly it developed tricks to evade the immune attack, and developed resistance to all the antibiotics which were used to treat it. Today WHO and all researchers call such organisms “Superbug”[2].
Keywords: Gonococcus, Protein 1, Protein 2, Protein 3, Pili, OMV (Outer Membrane Vesicles)
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Published By Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, Kolar, Karnataka
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