Evaluation of the Ameliorative Effects of Persea americana Seeds on the Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Mukasa Yusuf  lowast

doi:10.58739/jcbs/v14i3.109

Article

Evaluation of the Ameliorative Effects of Persea americana Seeds on the Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

VIEWS 301
PDF 76

Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences

DOI: 10.58739/jcbs/v14i3.109

Year: 2024, Volume: 14, Issue: 3, Pages: 105-114

Original Article

Evaluation of the Ameliorative Effects of Persea americana Seeds on the Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Mukasa Yusuf^1∗

¹Principal Investigator, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University, P.O Box 4004, Kampala, Uganda

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Received Date:23 August 2024, Accepted Date:11 September 2024, Published Date:30 September 2024

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Background : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic hyperglycemic condition with various types, however, Type 2 DM or Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) accounts for 90% of all DM cases. Type 2 DM thus poses the biggest burden, necessitating a search for sustainable alternatives to its costly conventional management. Medicinal plant extracts are key to addressing the cost management related challenges, especially for resource limited settings. We studied the effects of Persea americana seed extracts on biochemical and hematological indices because these get deranged in NIDDM, indicative of a worsening prognosis. Studies on seed extracts of P. americana showed beneficial effects in NIDDM, however, these focused majorly on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and lipids. We further explored the effects of the methanolic (ME) and total crude (TCE) extracts on the hematological indices in NIDDM rats. Materials and Methods : Type 2 DM was induced in the study animals using streptozotocin. The diabetic control and glibenclamide (GLB) groups orally received water and 10mg/kg B.W.T of GLB respectively, whereas other groups orally received either 200mg or 400mg doses of both extracts per kg B.W.T. Results : Only the higher dose of the TCE (TCE400) had a comparable FBG lowering effect to GLB (p=0.309), however, all extract groups except ME200 had ameliorative effects (p=0.09, 1.00 and 0.01 for ME400, TCE200 and TCE400 respectively). The effects of all extracts on total cholesterol (TC) and LDL unlike on triglycerides and HDL were significantly (p<0.05) better than glibenclamide’s. Only the TCEs had ameliorative effects on TC levels (p=0.18 and 0.48 for TCE200 and TCE400 respectively). All extracts except ME200, had significantly (p<0.05) better activity on mean MCH and MCV levels in comparison to GLB. Only TCE400 caused a more significant improvement in the mean RBC than GLB (p=0.004) and only TCE400 and ME400 had more significant improvement in Hct levels than GLB (p=0.04). Conclusion: Total crude extracts of Persea americana seed at doses of about 400mg/kg body weight can improve the treatment outcomes of DM in diabetic animals.

Keywords

Traditional medicine, Medicinal plant, Maceration, Total crude extract, Diabetes Mellitus, Ameliorative, Antidiabetic, Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs)

References

IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edition. International Diabetes Federation. Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/
Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(Supplement_1):S15–S33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S002
Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe KB, et al. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;21(17):1–34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275
Charlton A, Garzarella J, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Jha JC. Oxidative stress and inflammation in renal and cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Biology. 2021;10(1):1–18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiology10010018
Alam J, Chandra SM, Mokarrama MN, Hoque M, Hasan M, Islam S, et al. A comparative analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic adults. Advanced Medical Sciences: An International Journal (AMS). 2015;2(1):1–9. Available from: https://airccse.com/ams/papers/2115ams01.pdf
Feingold KR. Feingold KR, Anawalt B, MRB., eds. Oral and Injectable (Non-Insulin) Pharmacological Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Endotext South Dartmouth (MA). 2020.
Thrasher J. Pharmacologic Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Available Therapies. American Journal of Cardiology. 2017;130(6S):S4–S17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.04.004
Katsiki N, Ferrannini E. Anti-inflammatory properties of antidiabetic drugs: a “promised land” in the COVID-19 era? Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2020;34(12):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jdiacomp.2020.107723
Pollack RM, Donath MY, Leroith D, Leibowitz G. Anti-inflammatory Agents in the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(Suppl 2):S244–S252. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2337/dcs15-3015
Moucheraud C, Lenz C, Latkovic M, Wirtz VJ. The costs of diabetes treatment in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ global health. 2019;4(1):1–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001258
WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems. World Health Organization. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43034/9241592214_eng.pdf
Setyawan HY, Sukardi S, Puriwangi CA. Phytochemicals properties of avocado seed: A review. In: International Conference on Green Agro-industry and Bioeconomy, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. (Vol. 733, pp. 1-7) IOP Publishing. 2021.
Liyanagamage DSNK, Jayasinghe S, Attanayake AP, Karunaratne V. Medicinal plants in management of diabetes mellitus: An overview. Ceylon Journal of Science. 2020;49(1):3–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v49i1.7700
Essono SM, Mvondo MA, Ngadjui E, Nguimatio FXK, Watcho P. The Ethanol Extract of Avocado (Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae)) Seeds Successfully Induces Implant Regression and Restores Ovarian Dynamic in a Rat Model of Endometriosis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020;2020(1):1–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8521831
Fotsing YSF, Kezetas JJB, Batiha GES, Ali I, Ndjakou BL. Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants and Herbs. In: El-Shemy H., ed. Natural Medicinal Plants. (pp. 1-39) 2021.
Najafian L, Ghodsvali A, Khodaparast MH, Diosady LL. Aqueous extraction of virgin olive oil using industrial enzymes. Food Research International. 2009;42(1):171–175. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2008.10.002
Chaiyasut CH, Kesika PE, Sirilun SA, Makhamrueang NE, Peerajan S, Sivamaruthi BS. Influence of extraction process on yield, total phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of avocado (persea americana mill.) oil and stability assessment. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2019;12(2):391–396. Available from: https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i2.30017
Islam M, Rupeshkumar M, Reddy KB. Streptozotocin is more convenient than Alloxan for the induction of Type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Pharmacological Research. 2017;7(1):6–11. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijpr
Adienbo OM, Hart VO. Antidiabetic effect of Persea americana seed extract is mediated through enhanced insulin secretion, improved beta-cell function, and reduced insulin resistance in diabetic rats. European Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2021;9(1):18–25. Available from: https://www.idpublications.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Full-Paper-ANTIDIABETIC-EFFECT-OF-PERSEA-AMERICANA-SEED-EXTRACT-IS-MEDIATED-THROUGH-ENHANCED-INSULIN-SECRETION-IMPROVED-BETA-CELL-FUNCTION.pdf
Alhassan AJ, Sule MS, Atiku MK, Wudil AM, Abubakar H, Mohammed SA. Effects of aqueous avocado pear (Persea americana) seed extract on alloxan induced diabetes rats. Greener Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012;2(1):5–11. Available from: https://gjournals.org/GJMS/archive/vol-2-1-january-2012/alhassan-et-al.html
Edem D, Ekanem I, Ebong P. Effect of aqueous extracts of alligator pear seed (Persea americana mill) on blood glucose and histopathology of pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009;22(3):272–276. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19553173/
Ezejiofor AN, Okorie A, Orisakwe OE. Hypoglycaemic and Tissue-Protective Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Persea Americana Seeds on Alloxan-Induced Albino Rats. Malaysian journal of medical sciences. 2013;20(5):31–39. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3957359/
Gupta RA, Dixit VP. Dose dependent alteration in lipid and carbohydrate metabolites in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Endokrinologie. 1982;80(3):332–340. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6219869/
Yanai H, Hirowatari Y, Ito K, Kurosawa H, Tada N, Yoshida H. Understanding of Diabetic Dyslipidemia by Using the Anion-Exchange High Performance Liquid Chromatography Data. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2016;8(5):424–426. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2533w
Imafidon KE, Amaechina FC. Effects of aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill. (avocado) on blood pressure and lipid profile in hypertensive rats. Advances in Biological Research. 2010;4(2):116–121. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267822450_Effects_of_Aqueous_Seed_Extract_of_Persea_americana_Mill_Avocado_on_Blood_Pressure_and_Lipid_Profile_in_Hypertensive_Rats
Umoh IO, Samuel OO, Kureh TB, Davies KG. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potentials of ethanol fruit pulp extract of Persea americana (avocado pear) in rats. Journal of African Association of Physiological Sciences. 2019;7(1):59–63. Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jaaps/article/view/188783
Kouamé NM, Koffi C, N’Zoué KS, Yao NAR, Doukouré B, Kamagaté M. Comparative Antidiabetic Activity of Aqueous, Ethanol, and Methanol Leaf Extracts of<i>Persea americana</i>and Their Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019;2019(1):1–14. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5984570
Mughal MA, Maheri WM, Aamir K, Jan M, Ali M. The effects of glibenclamide on serum lipids and lipoproteins in type II non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 1999;49(4):89–92. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10540537/#:~:text=Conclusion%3A%20Improved%20glycaemic%20control%20in,to%20changes%20in%20lipoprotein%20metabolism.
Buse JB, Tan MH, Prince MJ, Erickson PP. The effects of oral anti‐hyperglycaemic medications on serum lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2004;6(2):133–156. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.00325.x
Mudassir HA, Khaliq S, Azmi MB, Bano M, Naheed M, Fatima M, et al. Persea americana seeds improve glycosylation and dyslipidemia in fructose-fed streptozotocin-injected type 2 diabetic male rats. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;33(6):2579–2587. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33867333/
Speisky H, Shahidi F, Camargo ACd, Fuentes J. Revisiting the Oxidation of Flavonoids: Loss, Conservation or Enhancement of Their Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants. 2022;11(1):1–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010133
Zeka K, Ruparelia K, Arroo R, Budriesi R, Micucci M. Flavonoids and Their Metabolites: Prevention in Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Diseases. 2017;5(3):1–18. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases5030019
Tanko Y, Mabrouk MA, Adelaiye AB, Fatihu MY, Musa KY. Anti-diabetic and some hematological effects of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Indigofera pulchra extract on alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology . 2011;2(1):1–7. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228625842_Anti-diabetic_and_some_haematological_effects_of_ethylacetate_and_n-butanol_fractions_of_Indigofera_pulchra_extract_on_alloxan-induced_diabetic_Wistar_rats
Mahmoud AM. Hematological alterations in diabetic rats-role of adipocytokines and effect of citrus flavonoids. EXCLI Journal. 2013;12:647–657. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4778348/
Vinha AFD, Moreira J, Barreira S. Physicochemical parameters, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the algarvian avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Journal of Agricultural Science. 2013;5(12):100–109. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n12p100
Adaramola B, Onigbinde A, Shokunbi O. Physiochemical properties and antioxidant potential of Persea Americana seed oil. Chemistry International. 2016;2(3):168–175. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287360990_Physiochemical_properties_and_antioxidant_potential_of_Persea_Americana_seed_oil
Ukpabi C, Okoro OA, Ndulaka JC, Ndukwe OK, MNC. Alleviation of Diabetic Dyslipidemia in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats using Aqueous Seed Extract of Persea Americana. Journal of Biotechnological Research. 2020;4(1):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20448/805.41.1.8
Obiandu C, Owhorji BI, Okari K, Amechi CS. Actions of Persea americana on Some Blood Parameters of Male Wistar Rats. Scholars International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 2022;5(6):105–109. Available from: https://saudijournals.com/media/articles/SIJAP_56_105-109.pdf

Copyright

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Published By Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, Kolar, Karnataka